NAD+

• 1. Overview
• 2. Biochemical Characteristics
• 3. Research Applications
• 4. Pathway / Mechanistic Context
• 5. Preclinical Research Summary
• 6. Form & Analytical Testing
• 7. Referenced Citations
• 8. RUO Disclaimer

Overview

NAD+ (Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide) is not a peptide. It's a dinucleotide coenzyme — two nucleotides joined by a pair of phosphate groups — and it's present in every living cell. It's also one of the most studied molecules in all of biochemistry, with a published research record spanning redox chemistry, enzyme kinetics, mitochondrial biology, DNA repair, and aging pathway investigation.

We carry it because researchers working on metabolic signaling, mitochondrial function, sirtuin pathway studies, and cellular energy models need verified, research-grade source material in working quantities. At 500mg per vial, this is a substantial preparation suited to in vitro experimental use. Every batch is submitted to Vanguard Laboratory for conformity testing before it ships.

Biochemical Characteristics

Chemical Formula: C₂₁H₂₇N₇O₁₄P₂

Molecular Weight: 663.43 g/mol

CAS No.: 53-84-9

PubChem CID: 5892

Synonyms: NAD, Coenzyme I, Diphosphopyridine nucleotide (DPN), β-NAD+

NAD+ consists of two nucleosides — nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) — connected by a pyrophosphate bond. The nicotinamide ring is the active redox center; it accepts a hydride ion (H⁻) to become NADH during oxidative metabolism, then donates it back in reductive biosynthesis. This cycling between oxidized (NAD+) and reduced (NADH) forms is the molecule's primary function as an electron carrier.

Source: PubChem CID 5892

Research Applications

• Sirtuin pathway activation studies — SIRT1, SIRT3, SIRT5 substrate availability models
• PARP-mediated DNA damage response research in cell-based assay systems
• Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and electron transport chain studies
• NAD+/NADH ratio measurement as a metabolic state readout in in vitro models
• CD38-mediated NAD+ consumption pathway investigation
• ADP-ribosylation and post-translational modification research
• Cellular aging pathway studies examining NAD+ depletion and repletion dynamics
• Comparative NAD+ precursor studies (alongside NMN, NR, tryptophan pathway models)

All applications are restricted to non-clinical laboratory research environments.

Pathway / Mechanistic Context

NAD+ participates in two broad classes of biochemical reactions in experimental models: redox reactions, where it cycles between NAD+ and NADH while transferring electrons, and signaling reactions, where it's consumed as a substrate by specific enzyme classes.

Sirtuins (Class III HDACs): NAD+-dependent deacylases that couple histone deacetylation to NAD+ cleavage. Sirtuin activity is directly tied to available NAD+ concentration, making NAD+ availability a research lever for studying SIRT1- and SIRT3-mediated transcriptional and metabolic regulation.

PARPs (Poly ADP-ribose polymerases): NAD+ is cleaved by PARPs during DNA damage response, with the ADP-ribose moiety used to modify target proteins. PARP1 activation in response to DNA strand breaks is one of the largest consumers of cellular NAD+ under stress conditions — a relationship extensively documented in in vitro models.

CD38: A multifunctional enzyme that hydrolyzes NAD+ to produce cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR) and ADPR, both of which serve as calcium-mobilizing second messengers. CD38 is a major regulator of steady-state NAD+ levels and has been a subject of active investigation in metabolic and immunological research contexts.

Preclinical Research Summary

NAD+ has one of the longest preclinical research records of any molecule in biochemistry. Its role in cellular energy metabolism was established in early 20th-century work and has been continuously investigated across in vitro and in vivo model systems since. The past two decades have seen a significant expansion of NAD+ research driven by discoveries linking NAD+ availability to sirtuin activity, cellular aging models, and metabolic disease research contexts.

Key published areas include work by Johan Auwerx's group on mitochondrial NAD+ and sirtuin signaling, David Sinclair's laboratory on NAD+ and aging pathway models, and Charles Brenner's work characterizing nicotinamide riboside as an NAD+ precursor. These research programs have generated substantial published data on NAD+ depletion, repletion, and its downstream effects on sirtuin activity, mitochondrial function, and gene expression in controlled experimental systems.

Form & Analytical Testing

NAD+ 500mg is supplied as research-grade lyophilized powder. Each batch is submitted to Vanguard Laboratory for conformity testing using a 5-vial protocol. Testing covers identity verification, purity analysis (≥98% via HPLC), net content verification (500mg confirmed), endotoxin levels, heavy metals, and sterility. Full COA documents are published on our COA Library and linked via QR code on each vial.

500mg is a substantial working quantity. You need to know it's actually NAD+ — correct oxidation state, no degradation, no substitution. Conformity testing on five independent vials gives you that confidence, not a single spot check.

Referenced Citations

1. Verdin E, "NAD+ in aging, metabolism, and neurodegeneration," Science, 2015 350(6265):1208–1213.
2. Cantó C et al., "NAD+ Metabolism and the Control of Energy Homeostasis," Cell Metab, 2015 22(1):31–53.
3. Houtkooper RH et al., "Sirtuins as regulators of metabolism and healthspan," Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol, 2012 13(4):225–238.
4. Gariani K et al., "Eliciting the mitochondrial unfolded protein response by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide repletion," FASEB J, 2016 30(7):2586–2599.

ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATIONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

RUO Disclaimer

The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body. These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. This product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals.

This product is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and may not be misbranded, misused, or mislabeled as a drug, food, or cosmetic. No statements on this website have been evaluated by the FDA. You must be 21 years or older to purchase.

Batch COA: In Progress

This batch is currently undergoing conformity testing at Vanguard Laboratory. The full Certificate of Analysis — covering identity, purity (≥98% via HPLC), net content (500mg confirmed), endotoxins, heavy metals, and sterility — will be published here and linked via QR code on each vial upon completion.

We don't ship product before results are in. When the COA is live, you'll find it here and on our COA Library.

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Batch WNL-2602-G01 — Certificate of Analysis

Tested by: Vanguard Laboratory (ISO/IEC 17025:2017 Accredited — A2LA)
Test Date: [DATE]
Protocol: Conformity (5-vial, 7-panel)
Results: Identity ✓ | Purity ≥98% ✓ | Net Content 500mg ✓ | Endotoxins ✓ | Heavy Metals ✓ | Sterility ✓ | Conformity ✓

Download Full COA (PDF)

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